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Abstract Temperature varies on multiple timescales and ectotherms must adjust to these changes to survive. These adjustments may lead to energetic trade‐offs between self‐maintenance and reproductive investment. However, we know little about how diurnal and seasonal temperature changes impact energy allocation. Here we used a combination of empirical data and modeling of both thermoregulatory behaviors and body temperature to examine potential energetic trade‐offs in the dung beetleOnthophagus taurus. Beginning in March 2020, universities and laboratories were officially closed due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We thus performed experiments at a private residence near Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, leveraging the heating, ventilation and air conditioning of the home to manipulate temperature and compare beetle responses to stable indoor temperatures versus variable outdoor temperatures. We collectedO. taurusbeetles in the early‐, mid‐, and late‐breeding seasons to examine energetics and reproductive output in relation to diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations. We recorded the mass of field fresh beetles before and after a 24‐h fast and used the resulting change in mass as a proxy for energetic costs of self‐maintenance across seasons. To understand the impacts of diurnal fluctuations on energy allocation, we held beetles either indoors or outdoors for 14‐day acclimation trials, fed them cow dung, and recorded mass change and reproductive output. Utilizing biophysical models, we integrated individual‐level biophysical characteristics, microhabitat‐specific performance, respirometry data, and thermoregulatory behaviors to predict temperature‐induced changes to the allocation of energy toward survival and reproduction. During 24 h of outdoor fasting, we found that beetles experiencing reduced temperature variation lost more mass than those experiencing greater temperature variation, and this was not affected by season. By contrast, during the 14‐day acclimation trials, we found that beetles experiencing reduced temperature variation (i.e., indoors) gained more mass than those experiencing greater temperature variation (i.e., outdoors). This effect may have been driven by shifts in the metabolism of the beetles during acclimation to increased temperature variation. Despite the negative relationship between temperature variation and energetic reserves, the only significant predictor of reproductive output was mean temperature. Taken together, we find that diurnal temperature fluctuations are important for driving energetics, but not reproductive output. 

Increasing temperature fluctuations associated with climate change are expected to have profound effects on species performance and fitness, but these effects might vary among organisms that evolved in different thermal environments. For instance, tropical species that have evolved in relatively stable thermal conditions may have limited capacity to cope with increasing temperature fluctuations compared to temperate species that evolved in more variable thermal conditions. We used dung beetles from tropical (Ecuador) and tem-